液货船安全1000问——油轮如何正确配备便携式气体检测仪?
第109期
[问题]:
某轮近期在做石油公司检查时，船上配备的口袋型（pocket）四合一气体检测仪有测量CO（一氧化碳）和H2S硫化氢功能，但未配备吸气泵。另外有一台带自吸泵加长软管的便携式气体探测仪（型号GX-2012），只能测氧气和可燃气体。检查人员认为这样的配置不符合VIQ7-5.23对便携式测量仪器的要求，因而开出下列发现项“Portable gas (CO) measuring instrument was not provided on board.--—船上未提供能测量一氧化碳的便携式仪器”。
[分析意见]:
对于便携式气体检测仪，除了传统的石油公司检查要求外，近年来公约也提出了一些配置要求和建议，其主要目的不仅仅是针对所载运的货物，更多的是关注进入封闭处所的安全性要求。
需要注意的是，检测仪目前主要有二种，一种是便携式（portable，也叫手提式）,另外一种是个人式（personal）。口袋式的（pocket）也认为是个人式中的一种。船上仅仅配置了个人式的，有可能不满足石油公司检查要求。
目前行业检查中主要的要求有下列二个方面。
一、石油公司检查要求
VIQ7-5.23（英文见后面附件）
船舶是否有适用于所载运货物的双套便携式气体检测设备？高级船员是否熟悉设备的操作、校准？设备是否按制造商和行业的建议进行了维护？
备注：每艘船舶应至少配备2台分别可测量氧气、可燃气爆炸下限（LEL）的检测仪。这两台仪器应该是可以满足（至少含内置吸气泵、深舱远程采样软管等）所有处所检测要求。
个人式的测氧和可燃气体检测仪，则应是能够别在口袋或挂在腰带上携带，以供进入油舱、密闭空间或泵舱之用，须按生产商建议的间隔期把设备送（岸基）检修，以及船上应有按厂家建议的周期间隔更换零部件（如过滤器）的程序。
二、IMO相关要求
1、SOLAS 第II-2/4条 5.7.1 液货船须至少配备一台用于测量易燃气体浓度的便携式仪器及充足的备件，须为这些仪器提供适当的校准装置。
2、SOLAS第 XI-1 章第7条《加强海上安全的特别措施-围蔽处所的气体测试仪》 第I章适用的每艘船舶应携有适当的便携式气体测试仪（MSC.1/Circ.1477通函）。这些测试仪应至少能在进入围蔽处所前测量氧气、可燃气体或货物蒸气、硫化氢和一氧化碳的浓度（A.1050(27)决议）。按其他要求携有的测试仪应满足本条要求。应为所有这些测试仪提供合适的校准设备。
3、MSC.1/Circ.1477通函（2014年6月9日）
根据SOLAS规则XI-1/7的要求，为封闭空间选择便携式气体测试仪器提供便利的指南，摘要关键内容为
3）“该指南所指仪器系用于在进入封闭处所前和其后按适当间隔时间检测处所内空气直至工作全部完成的仪器，而非供个人在封闭处所内携带的气体检测仪。”
4）该仪器应该能够对其设计的所有气体进行远程采样和检测，而不受空气或空间中其他特性（气体）的干扰。（注-应理解为便携式或个人式但有远程测量的扩展功能。）
4、 A.1050(27)决议-经修订的进入船上围蔽处所建议案（2011年11月30日通过）
7.1.
应使用经正确校准的仪器，由经过该仪器使用培训的人员对处所内空气进行检测。应严格遵守生产厂家的使用须知。应在人员进入该处所前对该处所进行检测，并在其后定时检测，直至工作全部完成。如合适，应在必要的多个不同水平面上检测，以便获取处所中有代表性的被测气样。在某些情况下，不进入围蔽处所（例如，梯道的底层平台）可能难以检测整个处所的空气，这点在评估进入该处所人员风险时应纳入考虑。弹性软管或固定取样管可延伸至围蔽处所的深处，可用其进行安全检测而不用进入该处所。
结论和建议
1、口袋型的四合一没有自吸泵，有自吸泵的GX-2012没有检测一氧化碳功能。这样的组合不符合能 “延伸至围蔽处所的深处随时测量氧气、易燃气体或蒸气、硫化氢及一氧化碳的浓度”的要求。
2、上述情况表明，检查人员对船上开出的发现项是合理的。
3、为了符合石油公司检查及公约要求，应配备两套能远程采样和检测氧气、可燃气的检测仪；至少有一台具备带自吸泵能远程采样的能测量（CO/H2S）便携式检测仪；在密闭处所工作的全过程需使用另外配备的个人型（口袋机）的四气体检测仪进行监控。
4、对于单套设备的，应按生产厂家建议配备必要的所有配件，双套设备的可以不需要额外加配。
5、根据ISGOTT2.3.6.4建议，强烈建议从事货物操作的人员配备个人式H2S监测仪。
6、化学品船和缺氧式测量仪器暂不在此论述。
附件1、VIQ5.23英文
Does the vessel have appropriate duplicate portable gasdetection equipment suitable for the cargoes carried, are the officers’familiar with the operation, calibration and is the equipment being maintainedin accordance with manufacturers and industry recommendations?
Notes: Each vesselshould carry at least two each oxygen and LEL analysers. Personal oxygen and hydrocarbon analysers,which can be carried in a pocket or on a belt, should be available for tank,enclosed space or pump room entry. The manufacturers’ recommended intervals forservicing the equipment must be observed and procedures in place for thereplacement of parts such as filters, at the manufacturers’ recommendedintervals.
附件2、MSC.1/Circ.1477
GUIDELINES TO FACILITATE THE SELECTION OF PORTABLE ATMOSPHERETESTING INSTRUMENTS FOR ENCLOSED SPACES AS REQUIRED BY SOLAS REGULATION XI-1/7
Introduction
1 These Guidelines are to facilitate the selection of aportable atmosphere testing instrument for enclosed spaces as required by SOLASregulation XI-1/7. They are intended to be read in conjunction with this SOLASregulation and the Revised recommendations for entering enclosed spaces aboardships (resolution A.1050(27)). They are not intended to constitute aperformance standard for such equipment.
2 It should be noted that, given a ship's specificcharacteristics and operations, additional atmospheric hazards in enclosedspaces may be present that may not be detected by the instrument recommended tobe selected by these Guidelines, and in such cases, if known, additional appropriateinstruments should be carried.
General
3 These Guidelines refer to the instrument that is used to testthe atmosphere in an enclosed space before entry and at appropriate intervalsthereafter until all work is completed. They do not refer to a personal gasdetector that is intended to be carried by an individual whilst inside theenclosed space.
4 The instrument should be capable of remote sampling anddetection for all gases that it is designed for, without interference from theatmosphere or other characteristics of the intervening space.
5 Upon activation, the instrument should perform a"self-test" which indicates that the instrument is functioningcorrectly.
6 Training requirements should be considered when selecting theinstrument. Any atmosphere testing should be performed by trained personnel.
Gases and vapours to be measured
7 The instrument should be capable of measuring and displayingconcentrations of:
.1 oxygen;
.2 flammable gases or vapours (% of LFL);
.3 carbonmonoxide; and
.4 hydrogen sulphide,
8 The instrument should clearly and unambiguously show whichgas or vapour it is measuring (noting that the display may be switchable ormenu accessible).
9 If the instrument is fitted with an alarm function, it shouldactivate at the appropriate level as determined by the flag StateAdministration.
Use of the instrument for atmosphere testing of enclosed spaceson board ships
10 The instrument should be suitably protected, having dueregard for the environment and temperatures in which it is expected to operate.
11 The instrument should be capable of being easily carried.
12 The instrument should be suitably protected from the ingressof dust and water.
13 The minimum battery life of the instrument (with freshbatteries of recommended type) should be 10 hours.
14 The instrument should be intrinsically safe.
15 The instrument display should be readable in all lightingconditions.
Calibration
16 The manufacturers' instructions should have clearly definedcalibration requirements.
17 If the instrument is fitted with an alarm or shutdownfunction that activates if the manufacture's calibration interval is exceeded,this should not stop the instrument from functioning during actual use and theunit should not restart once the alarm or function has been activated.
Instruction manual
18 The instrument should be provided with a manual thatdescribes its features and alarms and explains how to calibrate, operate andmaintain it. The information in this manual should be available in the workinglanguage of the ship.
专家审稿：方玉林（CCS）
此系列文章中涉及的液货船业界动态及技术要求，不代表任何组织和个人，为避免纠纷特此声明：今后任何媒体或个人在引用本文中的任何内容所引起的纠纷和造成的一切后果，与作者和本刊无关，亦不承担任何法律责任。
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